Dendritic cells

A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system. A dendritic cell is a type of phagocyte and a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC).
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
U.S. National Cancer Institute, 2021

20 Papers / 3 Studies / Adjuvant / Aluminum / Autophagy / Blood brain barrier / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / Genes / Glial Cells / IL-6 / Immune / Inflammation / Neuroinflammation / Oxidative Stress / Review / Toxicants

Inflammation and Autophagy: A Convergent Point between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-Related Genetic and Environmental Factors: Focus on Aluminum Adjuvants

Excerpts:
“As a result of these pieces of evidence (epidemiological, clinical and preclinical data) pointing to a potential causal association between early ABA (aluminum-based adjuvants) exposure and increased ASD risk, new hypotheses regarding neurological and immunological consequences of ABA-containing vaccines and novel clinical strategies (i.e., postponing of ABA-containing vaccines and replacement of ABAs with calcium phosphate are now being considered.“

“Our review presents the lack of fundamental scientific data demonstrating that Al adjuvants are safe and do not induce any long-term side effects. It also supports further investigation related to the effects of early Al adjuvant exposures occurring in combination with genetic susceptibility factors, including autophagy, immune and inflammation process genes. As accumulating evidence shows that modulating the levels of autophagy may increase the risk of NDDs, such studies will elucidate a new etiology for these complex disorders and contribute to develop potential new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.”

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  • August 31, 2022
20 Papers / Adjuvant / Aluminum / Apoptosis / COMT / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / Detoxification / Genes / GI / Glial Cells / Glutathione / Immune / Inflammation / Mercury / Methionine / Methylation / Mitochondria / MTHFR / Neuroinflammation / Neurons / Oxidative Stress / Pregnancy / Review / Seizure / Thimerosal / Toxicants / Transsulfuration

Autism is an Acquired Cellular Detoxification Deficiency Syndrome with Heterogeneous Genetic Predisposition

Excerpt:
“The literature strongly supports that autism is most accurately seen as an acquired cellular detoxification deficiency syndrome with heterogeneous genetic predisposition that manifests pathophysiologic consequences of accumulated, run-away cellular toxicity. At a more general level, it is a form of a toxicant-induced loss of tolerance of toxins, and of chronic and sustained ER overload (“ER hyperstress”), contributing to neuronal and glial apoptosis via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Inherited risk of impaired cellular detoxification and circulating metal re-toxification in neurons and glial cells accompanied by chronic UPR is key.”

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  • March 16, 2018
Adjuvant / Aluminum / Autoimmunity / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / Excitotoxicity / GI / Glial Cells / Glutamate / Immune / Mercury / Review / Thimerosal / TNF-α / Toxicants / Vaccine Schedule

A possible central mechanism in autism spectrum disorders, part 1

Abstract

The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of related neurodevelopmental disorders that have been increasing in incidence since the 1980s. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected from cases, a central mechanism has not been offered. A careful review of ASD cases discloses a number of events that adhere to an immunoexcitotoxic mechanism. This mechanism explains the link between excessive vaccination, use of aluminum and ethylmercury as vaccine adjuvants, food allergies, gut dysbiosis, and abnormal formation of the developing brain. It has now been shown that chronic microglial activation is present in autistic brains from age 5 years to age 44 years. A considerable amount of evidence, both experimental and clinical, indicates that repeated microglial activation can initiate priming of the microglia and that subsequent stimulation can produce an exaggerated microglial response that can be prolonged. It is also known that one phenotypic form of microglia activation can result in an outpouring of neurotoxic levels of the excitotoxins, glutamate and quinolinic acid. Studies have shown that careful control of brain glutamate levels is essential to brain pathway development and that excesses can result in arrest of neural migration, as well as dendritic and synaptic loss. It has also been shown that certain cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, can, via its receptor, interact with glutamate receptors to enhance the neurotoxic reaction. To describe this interaction I have coined the term immunoexcitotoxicity, which is described in this article.

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  • November 1, 2014
Amygdala / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / GI / Glial Cells / Immune / Inflammation / Regression

Myeloid dendritic cells frequencies are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder and associated with amygdala volume and repetitive behaviors

Excerpt:
“Dendritic cells play key roles in modulating immune responses and differences in frequencies or functions of these cells may result in immune dysfunction in children with ASD. These data further implicate innate immune cells in the complex pathophysiology of ASD.”

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  • July 16, 2013
20 Papers / Antioxidant / Dendritic cells / Glial Cells / Glutamate / Lipids / Oxidative Stress / Purkinje cells / Regression / Review / ROS

The Neurobiology of Autism

Exceprts:
We also discuss evidence implicating oxidative stress, neuroglial activation and neuroimmunity in autism.

“Oxidative stress is another possible cause of Purkinje cell loss and other neuroanatomical changes described in autistic brains (reviewed in (37, 113)). Oxidative stress occurs when the levels of reactive oxygen species exceed the antioxidant capacities of a cell, often leading to cell death. Because of its very high oxygen demands and limited anti-oxidant capacity, the brain is thought to be relatively vulnerable to oxidative stress (111). Several studies have shown decreased levels of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, transferrin and ceruloplasmin in the blood or serum of patients with ASD (38, 108, 222). Significant elevations in biomarker profiles indicating increased oxidative stress, such as increased lipid peroxidation, have also been documented in autism (38, 107, 229).Interestingly, in one report the alterations in antioxidant proteins were linked specifically to regressive autism, suggesting a postnatal environmental effect (38). Polymorphisms in metabolic pathway genes may contribute to the increased oxidative stress in autism (108). Advanced glycationend products have also been reported to be elevated in both the brain tissue and serum of autistic patients, a change which can also lead to increased oxidative damage (23,110).”

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  • October 17, 2007
Adenosine / Cytokines / Dendritic cells / IL-6 / Immune / Mercury / Thimerosal / Toxicants

Uncoupling of ATP-mediated Calcium Signaling and Dysregulated IL-6 Secretion in Dendritic Cells by Nanomolar Thimerosal

Excerpt: “Our findings that DCs primarily express the RyR1 channel complex and that this complex is uncoupled by very low levels of THI with dysregulated IL-6 secretion raise intriguing questions about a molecular basis for immune dyregulation and the possible role of the RyR1 complex in genetic susceptibility of the immune system to mercury.”

“Dendritic cells are exquisitely sensitive to Thimerosal, with one mechanism involving the uncoupling of positive and negative regulation of Ca2+ signals contributed by RyR1.”

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  • March 16, 2006

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