Bradford Hill criteria

The Bradford Hill criteria include nine viewpoints by which to evaluate human epidemiologic evidence to determine if causation can be deduced: strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy.

Conclusions: Converging mechanistic, neuropathological, epidemiological, and genetic
evidence demonstrates that aluminum adjuvants can trigger ASD in genetically susceptible
individuals through well-characterized neuroinflammatory pathways. The 80-fold increase
in ASD prevalence temporally correlating with vaccine schedule expansion, combined with
robust biological mechanisms and postmortem findings, demands urgent re-examination of aluminum adjuvant safety in the context of neurodevelopment, particularly in genetically vulnerable populations.

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  • February 2, 2026